He has 30 years’ knowledge and experience in the development of novel electrolytes and electrode materials for various energy storage systems including lithium ion batteries, lithium metal batteries, lithium-air batteries, redox flow batteries, electrochemical capacitors and electrochromic display devices. He also has expertise in the synthesis of novel lithium salts, organic solvents, ionic liquids and polymer electrolytes, and the characterization and evaluation of structures, morphologies and electrochemical performances. Dr. Xu has over 200 papers published in peer reviewed professional journals and books, including 2 in Science, 10 in Nature sister journals, 1 book and 7 book chapters. He also holds 33 U.S. patents granted (19 from PNNL) with other 11 patents pending (at PNNL).