Theory of Light Scattering and Applications
Nanoscopy and Nanospectroscopy(2023)
Abstract
The chapter starts with detailed discussions on Raman scattering and its various pertinent applications in understanding material properties. The fundamentals of Raman spectroscopy are elaborated, and its connection with infrared (IR) spectroscopy is discussed briefly. The subject is dealt with from an experimenter’s viewpoint, at a postgraduate level. After an introduction from a historical perspective, elementary classical theory and instrumentation to record Raman spectra are presented in some detail. Basic lattice dynamics are described, and Raman spectroscopy of solids is introduced. Methods to calculate the phonon irreducible representation of crystalline solids are then discussed, and the Bhagavantam and Venkatrayudu method is described with a few examples. The Adams and Newton method, which is a simplified method of Bhagavantam and Venkatrayudu, is then illustrated with some examples. Resonance Raman spectroscopy is introduced, and electron density of states in three-dimensional (3D), two-dimensional (2D), and one-dimensional (1D) are described. Applications of these concepts to explain the Raman spectra of carbon nanotubes are discussed in some detail using examples. The chapter closes with a brief discussion of ultraviolet (UV) Raman spectroscopy. This is followed by a brief discussion of acoustic phonons and their role in understanding anomalous specific heat in small clusters and determining the size and shape of small crystallites. Recent development in the physics of carbon nanotubes of dimensions in the atomic scale and their characterization using microscopic tools like Raman spectroscopy is facilitated by understanding the acoustic phonons in the form of radial breathing modes. Low-frequency bosonic mode (spin wave) in the magnetic lattice is also discussed.
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Key words
light scattering,theory
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