Unified Multiwavelength Data Analysis Workflow with Gammapy: Constraining the Broadband Emission of the Flat-Spectrum Radio Quasar OP 313

M. Nievas Rosillo,F. Acero,J. Otero-Santos,M. Vazquez Acosta,R. Terrier,D. Morcuende,A. Arbet-Engels

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS（2025）

Inst Astrofis Canarias IAC | CNRS | CSIC | Univ Paris | Max Planck Inst Phys MPP

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Abstract

Context. The flat-spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) OP 313 entered an enhanced activity phase in November 2023 and has undergone multiple flares since then. This activity has motivated the organization of several large multi-wavelength campaigns, including two deep observations from the hard X-ray telescope NuSTAR. We investigate the broadband emission from OP 313 during these two observations, based on a new unified analysis framework, with data in the optical to gamma rays. Aims. Traditional methods for analyzing blazar emission often rely on proprietary software tailored to specific instruments, making it challenging to integrate and interpret data from multiwavelength campaigns in a comprehensive way. This study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing gammapy, an open-source Python package, together with common data formats originally developed for gamma-ray instrumentation to perform a consistent multi-instrument analysis. This enables a forward-folding approach that fully incorporates source observations, detector responses, and various instrumental and astrophysical backgrounds. This methodology has been applied to an example set of recent data collected from the distant quasar OP 313. Methods. We present a comprehensive data reconstruction and analysis for instruments including the Liverpool Telescope's IO:O detector, Swift-UVOT, Swift-XRT, NuSTAR, and Fermi-LAT. The resulting spectral analysis has been validated against the native tools for each instrument. Additionally, we developed a multiwavelength phenomenological model of the source emission, encompassing the optical to gamma-ray bands and incorporating absorption components across different energy regimes. Results. We have introduced and validated a new unified framework for multiwavelength forward-folding data analysis based on gammapy and open data formats, demonstrating its application to spectral data from the quasar OP 313. This approach provides a more statistically correct treatment of the data than fitting a collection of flux points extracted from the different instruments. This study is the first to use a common event data format and analysis tool covering 11 orders of magnitude in energy, from approximately 1 eV to 100 GeV. The high-level event data, instrument response functions, and models are provided in a gammapy-compatible format, ensuring accessibility and reproducibility of scientific results. A brief discussion on the origin of the broadband emission of OP 313 is also included in this work.

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Key words

acceleration of particles,astroparticle physics,methods: data analysis,methods: statistical,galaxies: high-redshift,quasars: individual: FSRQ OP 313

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【要点】：本研究提出了一种基于Gammapy的开源统一多波段数据分析工作流程，用于分析Flat-Spectrum Radio Quasar OP 313的宽带发射特性，实现了从光学到伽马射线的跨仪器数据综合分析。

【方法】：研究利用Gammapy开源Python包，结合专为伽马射线仪器开发的通用数据格式，进行了一致性的多仪器数据重建和分析。

【实验】：通过对Liverpool Telescope's IO:O探测器、Swift-UVOT、Swift-XRT、NuSTAR和Fermi-LAT等仪器收集的数据进行综合分析，并验证了该方法的有效性，同时开发了一个从光学到伽马射线的多波段现象学模型，并应用于OP 313的观测数据。该研究是首次使用通用事件数据格式和分析工具覆盖11个能量数量级，从大约1 eV到100 GeV。