The Common Genetic Variant Rs1278960 Determining Expression of Interferon-lambda Predicts Inflammatory Response in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients

The single nucleotide polymorphism rs12979860 is associated with the production of IFNλ4, a type III interferon, which offers protection from viral infection via its proinflammatory properties. We investigated if a genetically determined increase in IFNλ4 affects disease progression in SARS-CoV-2. This prospective, single-center study involved critically ill SARS-CoV-2 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. We performed genotyping for rs12979860 and analyzed daily laboratory data. Genotype frequencies were compared with an external validation cohort. Critically ill individuals with COVID-19 (n = 184; 29.3% women) were included. Median age was 63 years. The TT genotype was present in 11%, CT in 48% and CC in 41%. At baseline, CRP, ferritin, transferrin and neopterin did not differ significantly between groups. Longitudinal analysis revealed significant genotype-dependent differences in CRP, ferritin and neopterin with the highest peak in TT patients after 10-15 days. A higher need for renal replacement therapy (31.6% vs. 11.7%, p = 0.044) and mechanical ventilation (22 days vs. 15 days, p = 0.018) was observed in the TT group. The SNP rs12979860 near IFNL4 is associated with distinct inflammatory trajectories in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Genetic determinants of the immune response influence the severity of inflammation and clinical outcomes in severe COVID-19.