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    Assessing the Impact of Non-Conventional Radar and Surface Observations on High-Resolution Analyses and Forecasts of a Severe Hailstorm
    Matthew T. Morris,Keith A. Brewster,Frederick H. Carr
    E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology（2021）
    A 2009 National Research Council study recommended that new mesoscale observing networks be integrated with existing networks to form a nationwide “network of networks”. The report also recommended that research testbeds be established, such as the Center for Collaborative Adapti...
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    Small Sample Size and Data Quality Issues Illustrated Using Tornado Occurrence Data
    Charles A. Doswell III
    E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology（2021）
    A major challenge in weather research is associated with the size of the data sample from which evidence can be presented in support of some hypothesis. This issue arises often in severe storm research, since severe storms are rare events, at least in any one place. Although larg...
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    A Forecaster’s Story: Robert H. Johns
    John M. Lewis
    E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology（2021）
    The stages in the life of a severe storms forecaster, Robert H. Johns, are reconstructed from information in a series of interviews. The traditional interview format, question-and-answer mode, has been converted to a first-person narrative that leads to a more-continuous train of...
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    Environments of Significant Tornadoes Occurring Within the Warm Sector Versus Those Occurring along Surface Baroclinic Boundaries
    Jonathan M. Garner
    E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology（2021）
    Archived, hourly-analysis proximity soundings from the operational Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) model are used to examine the vertical wind profiles and thermodynamic parameter space associated with significant tornadoes (rated F2+/EF2+) occurring in the warm sector (33 events) of sy...
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    Composite Analysis of Cool-Season Florida Tornado Outbreaks
    Jonathon P. Klepatzki,Shawn M. Milrad
    E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology（2021）
    This study presents a multiscale environmental analysis of 33 Florida tornado (1979–2016) and 29 null events (2003–2019). A tornado event was defined as ≥ 4 tornadoes within a 24-h period during December–May, which was chosen to eliminate events associated with tropical cyclones....
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    Bow Echo and Mesovortex Evolution During the 2 May 2007 North Texas Derecho
    Jennifer L. Dunn, Ted Best
    E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology（2021）
    On 2 May 2007, a derecho-producing mesoscale convective system tracked across west-central and north Texas, producing damaging wind speeds up to 40 m s-1 (78 kt). Damage included loss of roofs, overturning of trucks and manufactured homes, and several downed electrical towers. So...
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    Effects of Mid- and Upper-level Drying on Microphysics of Simulated Supercell Storms
    Matthew Van Den Broeke
    E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology（2021）
    Conceptual differences are presented among supercell storms simulated with midlevel and deep dry layers of varying magnitude. Initial patterns are identified which should be studied more comprehensively using observed or simulated data. These initial results indicate that mixing ...
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    Preliminary Observations of Weak Three-Body Scatter Spikes Associated with Low-End Severe Hail
    T. Todd Lindley,Leslie R. Lemon
    E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology（2021）
    he three-body scatter spike (TBSS), an artifact caused by radar microwave scattering associated with large hydrometeors, traditionally has been utilized in the National Weather Service as an operational indicator of destructive hail. Severe weather warning strategies based on the...
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    Observational and Idealized Numerical Examination of Low-level Counter-rotating Vortices in the Rear Flank of Supercells
    Jerry M. Straka,Erik N. Rasmussen,Robert P. Davies-Jones,Paul Markowski
    E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology（2007）
    Observations are reviewed that show that the dominant kinematic elements of the supercell rear flank are a downdraft trailing an adjacent updraft, a gust front, and counter-rotating vortices embedded in the gust front convergence zone. The associated vortex lines are shaped like ...
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    Discriminating Between Tornadic and Non-Tornadic Supercells: A New Hodograph Technique
    John M. Esterheld,Donald J. Giuliano
    E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology（2021）
    Thompson and Edwards (2000) first noted a prominent hodograph kink separating primarily speed shear from primarily directional shear in the environments of some supercells producing significant tornadoes. Responding to this observation, we compared similar thermodynamic and shear...
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    Remotely Visible Width and Discontinuity of 50 Tornado Damage Paths Through Forested Landscapes
    Mark D. Zenoble,Chris J. Peterson
    E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology（2021）
    Tornado damage-path width is a necessary component for calculation of area impacted, which allows estimation of hazards. To date, rarely has variation in damage path width or path discontinuity been a focus. In this paper, using a damage threshold of >25% canopy damage, we quanti...
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    On the Use of Areal Coverage of Parameters Favorable for Severe Weather to Discriminate Major Outbreaks
    Chad M. Schafer,Charles A. Doswell III,Lance M. Leslie,Michael B. Richman
    E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology（2021）
    Forecaster perceptions of major convective outbreaks include the notion that these events occur within relatively large regions of meteorological conditions favorable for the development of significant severe weather, particularly tornadoes. With recent studies developing a rigor...
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    Image Processing of Weather Radar Reflectivity Data: Should It Be Done in Z or Dbz
    Valliappa Lakshmanan
    Electronic journal of severe storms meteorology（2021）
    It appears to be a common belief that processing, such as interpolation, clustering or smoothing, of weather radar reflectivity fields ought to be carried out on the reflectivity factor (Z) and not on its logarithm (dBZ). It is demonstrated here by means of a statistical study on a ...
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    Modeling Study of Supercell Development in the Presence of a Preexisting Airmass Boundary
    Jennifer M. Lauflin,Adam L. Houston
    E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology（2021）
    Airmass boundaries have been documented as a major influence on convective initiation and development, particularly in supercell thunderstorms. Therefore, this study seeks to determine the specific influence of an airmass boundary on supercell development through idealized numeri...
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    Meteorological Analyses of the Tri-State Tornado Event of March 1925
    Robert A. Maddox,Matthew S. Gilmore,Charles A. Doswell III,Robert H. Johns,Charlie A. Crisp,Donald W. Burgess,John A. Hart,Steven F. Piltz
    E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology（2021）
    Severe thunderstorms occurred across portions of the central United States on 18 March 1925. The deadly, long-track Tri-State tornado was the most publicized storm event of 18 March and remains the most significant single tornado in the nation’s history. There has been only one f...
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    On the Use of Indices and Parameters in Forecasting Severe Storms
    Charles A. Doswell III,David M. Schultz
    E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology（2006）
    This paper discusses our concept of the proper (and improper) use of diagnostic variables in severe-storm forecasting. A framework for classification of diagnostic variables is developed, indicating the limitations of such variables and their suitability for operational diagnosis...
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    Pressure Measurements and Video Observations Near and Inside Three EF2 Tornadoes
    Lanny Dean, David Moran, Randy Hicks, Pat Winn
    E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology（2024）
    From the spring of 2016 through the spring of 2019, three EF2-rated tornadoes were sampled with in-situ tornado probes as part of the Pressure Acoustics Recordings Inside Tornadoes Experiment. The probe meteorological instrumentation resolved the temperature, humidity, and pressu...
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    Evaluating Multi-Radar, Multi-Sensor Products for Surface Hailfall Diagnosis
    Kiel L. Ortega
    E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology（2021）
    The operational deployment of the multi-radar, multi-sensor (MRMS) system has made available new products to use for hail detection. MRMS products are provided on a spatial grid and can give information on hail size and the spatial extent and distribution of the hail fall. This i...
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    Radar-Based, Storm-Scale Circulation and Tornado-Probability Tendencies Preceding Tornadogenesis in Kansas and Nebraska
    Bryan M. Baerg,William P. Gargan,Ariel E. Cohen,Richard L. Thompson,Bryan T. Smith,Alan E. Gerard, Chauncy J. Schultz, Lawrence A. Kelly,Heather V. Nepaul
    E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology（2021）
    This study analyzes the behavior of storm-scale circulations preceding initial tornadogenesis in 179 Kansas and Nebraska storms. Manually determined assessments of radar data for storm-scale circulations preceding the tornadoes are performed as far back in time prior to the torna...
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    Operational Uses of Spectrum Width
    Patrick J. Spoden,Ray A. Wolf,Leslie R. Lemon
    E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology（2021）
    Spectrum width is a WSR-88D product that has been available to operational forecasters since the radar was deployed. In 2008, super-high-resolution reflectivity, velocity and spectrum width data became available. Six cases exemplifying operational use of spectrum width are presen...
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