The Observation and Simulation of Descending Sporadic E Layers over Different Mid-Latitude Stations
Advances in Space Research(2025)
Abstract
The descending sporadic E (Es) layers at different latitudes (similar longitudes) was analyzed based on the observation data of the ionosonde measured from 2015 to 2020 at Hainan (20.0° N, 110.33° E), Xinxiang (35.26° N, 113.93° E), Beijing (40.07° N, 116.15° E) and Manzhouli (49.58° N, 117.45° E) stations. The vertical ion convergence of descending Es layers was simulated based on the wind shear theory and the neutral background wind parameters (zonal wind) obtained from the HWM14 model (the horizontal wind model). The observation and simulation results show that the probability of descending Es layers occurring at daytime is much higher than that at night, the daytime descending Es layers occurs most frequently at summer, followed by autumn, spring, and winter, mainly in the warm months from May to August, and decreases with latitude. At lower latitudes, the descending Es layer has longer lifetime, and its initial height is higher. The descending rate of Es layer at higher altitudes (above 110 km) is greater than that at lower altitudes (below 110 km). In warm months (from May to August), the descending rate of Es layer at low latitude is lower than that at high latitude, which means that the higher the latitude, the steeper the trace; However, in cold months (November, December, January and February), the lower the latitude, the faster the Es layers descend. The simulation results show that the descending of Es layer mainly controlled by downward descending of zonal wind shear null, and the simulation results are in good agreement with the observation data. The research in this paper has certain significance for the cognitive descending sporadic E (Es) layers and the evolution of Es layer.
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Key words
Descending Es layers,ionosonde,wind shear theory,lifetime,tide waves
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